BHE 415 - Community and Domestic Violence (Module 3-SLP) Essay

BHE 415 - Community and Domestic Violence (Module 3-SLP) - Essay Example In addition, it contains factors that affect violence against women and the characteristics of victims and committers of violence. The rationale for choosing the topic of violence against women is that the violence that is done against women is far more critical and harmful than violence against men. Men as physically more powerful exercise their power over women without considering the aftereffects that women have to face. They do violence against women because they think that women are inferior to them and they have full right of assault against them. Many researchers have worked on this issue and recommendations are also given for the improvement of resolution of this problem. The topic of violence against women needs to be looked at in depth in order to find whether any prospective steps are taken for its solution or not and also to analyze the problems faced by women because of being victimized. Macmillan and Kruttschnitt (2005) report in their study, â€Å"Patterns of Violence against Women: Risk Factors and Consequences† that National Violence against Women Survey (NVAWS) conducted a telephone survey from November 1995 to May 1996, which included 8000 women and 8005 men. The survey took women into much consideration because of their being much affected because of violence. According to the report, women face higher risk of violence from their partners as all the violence strategies such as stalking, sexual assault, kicking, choking, beating, slapping, pushing, hair pulling, hitting with objects and threatening by weapons, all were in higher ratios from the male partners (Macmillan and Kruttschnitt, 2005). Watts and Zimmerman (2002) inform that the ratio of women victimization has increased not lessened. From 1993 to 1999, 21 % women (Switzerland, 1994-1996), 29 % women (Canada, 1993), 16 % women (Cambodia, 1996), 34 % (Egypt, 1995-1996), 33 % (Zimbabwe, 1996), 40 % (India, 1999), 35 % (New

Supply chain Essay Example for Free

Supply chain Essay In a production business the supply chain is one of the most crucial components to ensure smooth operation. In the retail and FMCG industry, the business is only about an excellent supply chain. The quality of the product is actually secondary. But the concept is now also applicable for software industry as well, because now software’s are outsourced and delivery is also crucial. But how do we identify whether the supply chain is performing optimally. For a production line, the effect will be immediately evident from the hourly production rate. A minor change or alteration in the supply chain, will affect the entire production line. The rate per hour will get hampered and the work will get slowed down. In this situation one needs to identify the point where the supply chain is getting hampered. Once it is done, the job is to streamline it and bring it to its optimal efficiency by SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analysis. This will also reduce the cost and time will be saved. However, for a FMCG or retail sector, the identification is not immediate, because buffer stocks are kept. Hence, the shortage or the inefficiency is not easily identified. When you feel the shortage or overage of stocks you can understand the scenario that the supply chain is not functioning properly. Another key indicator is the reduction in sales figure. The sales will take a hit, if the goods does not arrive at the right time, stocks are few and the demand is either not getting fulfilled or the supply is more than the demand. In this scenario the best option or rectification is to shift to JIT concept of supply cycle. Â  This JIT (Just in Time) concept is very effective, because neither are you over-stocking nor under-stocking. Also, the cost is getting reduced along with optimization of time. The software sector is very new to this concept, but an early understanding will be of great benefit in the future. Identify the lacuna and structure an efficient supply chain.

Requirement for Marijuana Legalisation

Requirement for Marijuana Legalisation Christopher Cunningham The need of Marijuana I. Boost of Revenue and different types of marijuana a. The need of Marijuana in our country making the drug legal to use recreationally by all 50 states. The benefits are huge when it comes to all states benefiting from money that they have earned in one year is one billion dollars, which was Colorado who made that much money from sales. Can you imagine who will benefit from the marijuana sold, first the children will have better schools, equipment such as computers, physical exercise programs, not to mention the economy will start being better from years to come. The Boost of revenue can only make America great again and flourishing from all the money spent on the war and just maybe we can go back to the way it used to be, when jobs were easy to get and prices on goods were not outrageous. b. Indica is kush from afghanistan making you lazy. c. Sativa is alternatively gives you energy used for depression and exhaustion. d. Hybrid it gives you both Indica and Sativa which is why its hybrid. e. Cannabis compound THC and CBD carry there own properties in medicine. II. People who benefit from Marijuana a. The people who will benefit from marijuana sales are police officiers and I want to tell you why this is really important. The more police officiers out on the treats means there will be less crime happening, and less drug dealers on the streets. If that happens the state will benefit from all the revenue from marijuana. c. People who are sick will easily attain marijuana which to me is great. I have seen people who have certain diseases and they are always in pain and the doctor didnt give them medical marijuana because there is no use to using the drug or it is not legal for the patient to use. Being a parent who sees there child in pain will do anything in there power to make sure they feel better. Marijuana is that drug that can reduce pain and help people deal with there current diseases that normal medicine is not working. b. Helps with being skinny and raising your metabolism in some people. III. The types of diseases that need marijuana a. Glaucoma is an eye disease that puts pressure on the eye ball and damages the optic nerve in your eye. This also minimizes the effects of cancer causing agents. b. Alzheimer disease as shown to slow down the effects so that you may live a longer life. c. Stomach diseases like crones disease can subside with marijuana. d. Parkinsons disease can be controlled with marijuana. e. Lupus disease is when the body attacks itself similar to aids. f. hep c is controlled and side affects shortened and increases treatment. IV. People with chronic pain a. Multiple sclerosis is pain in the spine which is controlled with the drug marijuana. b. Helps with muscle spasms and can be subdued with marijuana. c. People who suffer from arthritis pain can be away with marijuana. d. PTSD is very common in veterans who served in the military calms them down and out bursts. e. Protects your brain after a stroke thanks to marijuana. g. Helps with concussions in sports thanks to marijuana. h. Relieves pain from chemotherapy patients another great reason. V. Conclusion I am very serious about this subject of getting marijuana legal in all states. The fact that all states will benefit from marijuana and obviously all the people in the state will benefit with better schools, roads, toll bridges will be paid off. Kids will have better equipment such as computers, physical exercise equipment will be good. My main point of having you guys agreeing with me is the people who cannot access the drug because only 28 states makes medical marijuana accessible to patients. I remember seeing this child and it was sad, she had seizures every 10 mins and can you imagine your child going through such pain. But thanks to cbd which is a liquid base marijuana that can be mixed in with food so that children can consume it. She was relieved from the seizures not happening that often, she was temporarily cured for that day.   As a parent I would give my child marijuana either by inhalation or cbd if it help them live a better life. References 23 health benefits of marijuana. (). Retrieved from www.businessinsider.com marijuana. (). Retrieved from www.fortune.com marijuana. (). Retrieved from www.nylin.org marijuana. (). Retrieved from www.wisetoast.com

Conflict between Individuality and Conformity in The Bell Jar Essays

Conflict between Individuality and Conformity in The Bell Jar    In Sylvia Plath's novel The Bell Jar, Esther Greenwood seems incapable of healthy relationships with other women. She is trapped in a patriarchal society with rigid expectations of womanhood. The cost of transgressing social norms is isolation, institutionalization and a lost identity as woman. The struggle for an individual identity under this regime is enough to drive a person to the verge of suicide. Given the oppressive system under which she must operate, Esther Greenwood's problems with women stem from her conflict between individuality and conformity.    In formulating my topic, I have relied on Adrienne Rich's book Of Woman Born, as well as Cathy Griggers' essay "Lesbian Bodies in the Age of (Post)mechanical Reproduction." Rich discusses the cultural institutionalization of motherhood, while Griggers brings a Feminist and Marxist perspective to the topic of lesbian body image in a capitalist, market-driven society. Both consider the effects of patriarchy and heterosexism in their treatment of the experience of lesbians in society. I found these texts to be very helpful in offering an explanation of Esther's harsh negative reaction to Joan, as well as in illustrating the anxieties of women in an androcentric, heterocentric, and conformist society.    Esther's fundamental problem with female relationships is best exemplified in her conflict with mothering and mentoring figures. These women defy her desire to be independent and free. Rich describes the tendency toward matrophobia, the fear of becoming one's mother. She explains that "the mother stands for the victim in ourselves, the unfree woman" (236). This fear of becoming like the mother/... ...rginia Woolf and Walter Pater. New Haven: Yale UP, 1980.    Minow-Pinkney, Makiko. Virginia Woolf & the Problem of the Subject. Sussex: Harvester P, 1987.    Moi, Toril. Sexual/Textual Politics; Feminist Literary Theory. London: Routledge, 1985.    Oberg, Arthur. "Sylvia Plath and the New Decadence." in Butscher, Edward, ed.    Phillips, Robert. "The Dark Funnel: A Reading of Sylvia Plath." in Butscher, Edward, ed.    Plath, Sylvia. The Collected Poems. Ed. Ted Hughes. New York: Harper and Row, 1981.    Rose, Jacqueline. The Haunting of Sylvia Plath. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1992.    Rosenblatt, Jon. Sylvia Plath: The Poetry of Initiation. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1979.    Smith, Pamela. "Architectonics: Sylvia Plath's Colossus." in Butscher, Edward, ed.      

Technology is the use of scientific knowledge

Technology is the use of scientific knowledge to develop and produce goods and services useful to man. Technologists use the discoveries of science to produce tools, machines, and methods for industry, communications, transportations, medicine, warfare, and other human activities. In turn, this greatly affects jobs available for the unemployed as well as the job duties or job description intended for them.A nation’s level of technology depends on the extent to which current scientific knowledge is put to practical use. The United States is considered a technologically advanced nation; its major industries used advanced production techniques such as automation, its health institutions used advanced treatments such as laser-beam surgery, and use of up-to-date scientific knowledge is made in most other everyday activities (Clarke, 2001).A nation in which most production is carried on by handicraft methods, and communications and transportation are equally old-fashioned, is consid ered technologically backward, or underdeveloped. Just as some countries are more technologically advanced than others, so are some industries. The electronics and aerosphere industries, for example, are generally technologically advanced wherever they are established. Because of the great investment in money, plants and equipment, and skilled personnel required to operate them, these industries are found only in those countries that have a generally high level of technology. Agriculture, on the other hand, is a technologically backward industry in most parts of the world.In line with this jobs are also progressing while man power is not that important as it was long ago, before all the advancements have been discovered. Before companies hire as many employees but not the same as of the present because some rely on robots or high technology computers or devices needed for a company’s survival and success. Some companies hire people but the sad truth is that sometimes their bo ss are the computers or other devices when in fact, human beings are smarter than any other equipments.Reference:Clarke, A.C. (2004). Profiles of the Future: an Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible, revised edition (Holt, Rinehart & Winston).

The Office Layout Importance

The Office Layout Importance Introduction The main idea of this paper is to answer the question whether office layout is closer to the notion of the retail service layout or to the manufacturing layout. The office layout is closely related to the retail service layout as the main purposes of these notions are similar.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Office Layout Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, retail service layout is aimed at minimizing the way a customer should come to the desirable product (Alavudeen Venkateshwaran 2008). The same is about the office layout as it is more effective when employees can easily reach the equipment they work with and the information they need (Roy 2005). Literature review There are a lot of different works related to the similar problem. Still, none of them provides the answer whether office layout is more associated with retail service layout or with manufacturing layout. According to Bicheno and Elliot (1997) retail service layout is aimed at maximizing â€Å"the profit per square or cubic metre of space† (p. 129). At the same time, almost supporting this idea Heragu (2006) states that manufacturing layout â€Å"is different from office layout because different weights are attached to the factors† (p. 23) which influences those facilities. The new layout of the office may improve the effect from communication (Eisinger 2002). Communication serves as the basis for both office and retail service as it is promoted by the layout (Boutellier, Ullman, Schreiber, Naef 2008). The incorrect office layout may lead to violation of employees’ privacy (Binyaseen 2010). The same deals with the retail service layout and the personal customer information. Discussion Thus, the information discussed above shows that there are much in common between retail service layout and office layout, that manufacturing layout cannot have similar characteristics. It is possible to say that the information mentioned above is closely related to the topic we are discussing. If the company wants to reduce the costs in the office, it can change the office layout with the purpose not to dismiss employees. The same is with the retail service layout which may be changed when some changes in the customer sector are necessary (Charlton 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, working with the customers and trading, the innovative technologies are used. The same is with the office layout. There are so many different companies which deal with this problem, like IKEA 2008 Office planner (IKEA 2010) and Easy Office Planning Software (SmartDraw 2010). It is important to remember that the proper use of the office layout in the organization can solve many problems. Wieden + Kennedy (2010) is the advertising agency. Working in the advertising business, it is important to collaborate with other members of the team and, at the same time, to be as if in another room. The decision made by the design company NEXT Architecture (2010) is a really interesting decision. On the one hand, people see each other the walls in the rooms are made from glass, on the other hand, there are walls and no one can hear anything (Momoy 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, office layout is closely related to the retail service layout as the purposes are the same, in spite of the fact that they are directed at the different targets. The research conducted in this paper helps understand the importance of layout in different spheres of business, either the employees are involved, or the customers of the company. References Alavudeen and Venkateshwaran. (2008). Computer Integrated Manufacturing. Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Bicheno, J. and Elliot, B. (1997). Operations management: an active learning approach. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. Binyaseen, A. (2010). Office layouts and employee participation. Facilities, 28 (7/8) p. 348.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Office Layout Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Boutellier, R., Ullman, F., Schreiber, J., Naef, R. (2008). Impact of office layout on communication in a science-driven business. RD Management, 38 (4), pp. 372-391. Charlton, B. (2003). Office Interiors Space crunch. Crains Detroit Business, 19 (31), p. 11. Eisinger, J. (2002). The Optimal Office. Association Management, 54 (10), p. 56. Heragu, S.S. (2006). Facilities Design. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. IKEA. (2010). IKEA 2008 Office planner. Web. Momoy. (2008). Wieden + Kennedy – Modern Advertising Agency Interior from NEXT. Web. NEXT Architecture. (2010). Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Roy, R.N. A. (2005). Modern Approach to Operations Management. New Delhi: New Age International. SmartDraw. (2010). Easy Office Planning Software. Web. Wieden + Kennedy. (2010). Web.

Essay on Sleep Essays

Essay on Sleep Essays Essay on Sleep Paper Essay on Sleep Paper Sleep Essay Does anybody ever come home from a long day of work or a hard day at school and only one thing is on your mind. It is probably the greatest feeling on earth, well at least one of the greatest feelings on earth. What am I talking about? I am talking about sleep. Since the beginning of time history is filled with people fascinated with sleep. Does anybody ever think about why we sleep or what goes on to our brains while we sleep? Well before the twentieth century sleep was thought of as just a period of restful inactivity because there was no clear way to study brain activity. But since then the invention of the electroencephalograph by German psychiatrist Hans Berger in the 1920s it gave sleep researchers a tool for studying brain activity. These brain activities that they study are called brain waves. Todays scientist research a number of physical functions during sleep such as eye movements, muscle movements, breathing rate, air flow, pulse, blood pressure, amount of exhaled carbon dioxide, body temperature, and breathing sounds. There are two basic types of sleep. REM sleep also known as rapid eye movement sleep or active sleep, and NREM sleep, or non rapid eye movement sleep, also known as quiet sleep witch is divided into four stages witch I will describe shortly. I will also describe the changes in sleep over our lifespan. While you are preparing for bed you are up and reasonably alert so your brain produces small, fast brain waves called beta brain waves. When your head hits the pillow your muscles begin to relax and your brains electrical activity starts to slow down making the brain produce slower and larger brain waves called alpha brain waves. During this stage you may start to experience odd but realistic s ensations such as your name being called or you feel a falling sensation or maybe you see kaleidoscope-like patterns. These experiences are called hypnagogic hallucinations.

The Way to Freedom is Alone essays

The Way to Freedom is Alone essays In the 13th chapter of Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes writes ...men have no pleasure, but on the contrary a great deal of grief, in keeping company, where there is no power able to over-awe them all. The unconventional premise that ungoverned humans are solitary beings echoes throughout Hobbes political philosophy. This is a very difficult ideology to have at the center of such a work. The vast majority of the worlds population holds the opposite stance. Most people believe that humans are naturally communal beings. Thomas L. Pangles Political Philosophy and the God of Abraham addresses mans natural inclination to be part of a group. Birds fly in flocks, fish swim in schools, and man has his tribe. That is as natural as you can get. Banishment from ones tribe (once) meant death. Alone, one is assumed susceptible to the attack of foes. Being alone is largely equated with weakness. There is a commonly held fear of being alone. This is why the mindset found in Leviathan is quickly rejected. In order to understand what Hobbes attempts to communicate by stating men have no pleasure...in keeping company, it is essential to establish his alternative to having company. Hobbes statement about men not finding pleasure in the company of others is often dismissed because of a misunderstanding. A reader of Leviathan could easily equate being alone with loneliness. After reading this passage many times in context, one may decide quite the opposite. Hobbes wrote of solitude, rather than loneliness. Solitude is desirable and voluntary, whereas loneliness is unnecessary and involuntary. Superficially the two seem alike, but truly they are very different. Many famous literary works speak highly of solitudes power. Henry David Thoreau wrote in Walden: I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude. Solitude is not...

Possible Reform Measures to the Stafford Act to Make It More Essay

Possible Reform Measures to the Stafford Act to Make It More Functional in Todays Society - Essay Example The Stafford Act was meant to agitate states and local authorities to develop a comprehensive disaster preparedness protocols and plans. These were meant to enable and facilitate better intergovernmental coordination in the event of a disaster (Farber & Chen, 2006). The act stipulated that both public and private entities be encouraged to seek insurance cover to help them absorb losses incurred due to the destruction of property and assets in these calamities. The act also recommends federal assistance programs and interventions for losses due to a disaster(Farber & Chen, 2006). The Stafford Act was able to instigate the creation of a system through which a president could declare a disaster emergency. This declaration triggers financial and physical interventions through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Through FEMA, the Act gives the agency the power and responsibility of coordinating government sanctioned relief efforts(Farber & Chen, 2006). The New Orleans disaster was caused by Hurricane Katrina that was characterized by massive flooding, which led to the destruction of property and loss of life. According to Title I of the Stafford Act, the federal government can only intervene after an occurrence has been determined to be a disaster by the president(Farber & Chen, 2006). This is a major weakness to the Act because the people of New Orleans suffered a great deal before the then president declared hurricane Katrina as a disaster.  Under the Act, the federal government can shoulder the burden of financing local authority’s obligations if the damage caused by the disaster was to such an extent that the local government can not function. FEMA is tasked with the responsibility of assessing the situation of the affected area and formulating measures that alleviate the negative impact of the disaster. FEMA officials are federal employees, and they are mostly not in touch with the immediate needs of the locals in af fected areas.  

Compare or constrast the differences in Asian and European traditions Essay

Compare or constrast the differences in Asian and European traditions - Essay Example People from china and Italy have a common way of celebrating their historical heritage. The Chinese, like the Italians, have a strict sense for their ethical values which define their conduct and principles. The Chinese and the Italians have reverence for their languages. Most Italians and Chinese prefer speaking their respective languages. Individuals from both countries attach much value to their ancient traditional practices, with a strong connection to their traditional lives. Bianco talks about Alfani lineage, which is a known old family in his country(Baca, & Martines 108). The Romans in Italy have held on to the ancient roman traditional worship practice. Whereas the Chinese have had divided tradition practices, their cultural practices have helped in uniting them. Historically, the Great Wall of China played a significant role in uniting the Chinese people. The historical archives on the Roman Empire have acted as a uniting factor for the Italians. Although Italians may be di vided due to economic and social reasons, the country has been united by the Italian national football team. The team has won world cup for a couple of times. On the other hand, the Chinese have been united by the performance of the Chinese Olympic team. Italy is one of the hospitable countries in Europe. The Chinese shares this similarity. The Chinese strongly condemns contempt for the foreigners. Most Italians prefer living in peace with foreigners. Compared to most European countries, the country has scored highly in terms of growing its relations with the immigrant population. The Chinese people are respectable to foreigners and immigrants. The Chinese government is a member of the United Nations organization that has a mandate of protecting the human life. The Chinese government has acted within the mandate of the United Nations when dealing with the problem of

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Art History - Essay Example The materials that have been used to construct and decorate the interior of the building make it more unique. Different types of wood have been used in the interior of the building. The different types of wood that has been used includes teak, oak, maple, cedar and mahogany. Contrast of colour is evident in the interior of the building due to the arrangement of the wood materials. On the other hand, the interlocking joinery on the stair cases has been left exposed. The inlays in the tile mantles match the inlays in the custom furniture. Some of the panels also act as concealed doors. The woodworking in the house is excellent and it match the furniture that are found in the building (Douglass, 2013). A traditional plan also exists in the interior of the building which makes the interior beautiful. Different shapes have also been used in the room for the purposes of creating harmony in the building. Natural light is also able to enter the interior of the building which makes it possibl e top clearly view the decorations. The rooms in the building have been well shaped and organized around a central hall which makes it more unique. The symmetry in the interior of the building has been localized which plays an essential role in terms of making it attractive to the audience. The symmetrical spaces in the building are related to one another which is an indication that the design was and construction were carried out with a lot of expertise. The ceiling heights in the building are first and the second floors. On the other hand, the height is also different in the dens. This creates uniqueness as the spaces in the building are constantly shifting. The interior of the building is quite spacious and it allows the different furniture to be put in place. The craftsman style concepts were also used in the decorations of the interior of the building which makes it distinct. This is considering that the craftsman style usually utilize simple techniques

Analyzing and Reporting Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing and Reporting Results - Essay Example The objective was to produce a forceful story which would bring in or introduce the latest product, THE 2014 CLA coupe. The objective was to not only get in the public talking but also to start getting the public to pay attention and get engaged (Daimler, 2013). The CLA will be having a class that would not be comparable with others. As the car is another version of the CLS, therefore this one would also appeal and attract to the target customer groups that have a unique approach or non-conformist approach. The advertising campaign therefore places the car as an extraordinary vehicle as mentioned by Mr. Anders-Sundt Jensen. Mr. Anders-Sundt Jensen is the Head of Brand Communications at Mercedes-Benz Cars (Daimler, 2013). This tool is used by the Mercedes Benz Company to evaluate the effectiveness of the advertising campaign in terms of how much target market respond to the advertisement campaign, and how they perceive the brand, do they perceive the brand according to the company’s perception. And the brand is presenting some uniqueness or not.   According to Ace Metrics, an self-governing analytics corporation which measures the effectiveness of advertising campaign, â€Å"Soul† scored the uppermost of any automotive commercial and joined for the 4th highest score on the whole for all advertisements on the Super Bowl,† stated the Mercedes-Benz press release. As mentioned, there are number of statistical analysis methods that can be used. However BevCo should use moving average as the statistical tools. In the beverage industry, the sales are seasonal and therefore exponential smoothing moving average should be used in order to reduce the impact of seasonal variation and other irregularities (Hyndman, Koehler, Ord, and Snyder, 2008). Daimler. (2013). Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class establishes new segment: Sleek as they come. Retrieved May 31, 2013 from

Taha Computer Network Security Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Taha Computer Network Security Services - Essay Example Taha Company will also be concerned with the collective mechanisms and processes that will be involved in safeguarding the sensitive and valuable information from publication. This will help safeguard the information and the computers of the individuals and companies from physical damage.There are measures and plans in the future to offer other computer services to the clients. These other services include offering both the software and hardware maintenance and providing computer training to the individuals and the companies who are our clients.Taha Computer Security Service Company has a competitive advantage over any other business since there is none other company that offers computer security services in the region. The owners of computers and vital information have been exposed to both physical damages and other damages caused by malfunctions and Trojans, which have led to the loss of income of the individuals and companies.The company’s mission is to be an information te chnology ally to its clients and to provide computer security and protection to its clients in a wider market. This will only be achievable by an increment in the company’s returns, which will be used in expansion to other markets to provide these services. Our support services to help in the market capture and expansion include training, offers, and network services. The company will also seek for other new opportunities to be able to be competitive enough once other businesses invade the industry.

The topic for your paper will be Baze v Rees, a Supreme Court hearing Term

The topic for your will be Baze v Rees, a Supreme Court hearing on lethal injection. The question for your 3-4 page - Term Paper Example First and foremost, the main argument on the part of the Baze’s lawyers was that sodium thiopental, the first drug to be given, is likely to be injected improperly making the petitioners feel an ominous pain before the final death provoked by the second and the third drugs, pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride (Supreme Court, 2008). It is a precedent to appeal to the 8th Amendment. The idea is that this prescription to the paramount law document of the US judicial system gives ground to consider causing pain as an undemocratic step within the law system and capital punishment at large. Insofar, the 8th Amendment states as follows: â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted† (U.S. Constitution - Amendment 8, 2010, p. 1). Thus, the Constitution provides a particular background to justify the case of Baze v. Rees. Thus, an unconstitutional administration of lethal injection had become the main thesis by the petitioners – both convicted in double homicide – stating that there is the â€Å"risk that the protocol’s terms might not be properly followed, resulting in significant pain† (Mandery, 2011, p. 483). ... There were different arguments to make such a conclusion. First of all, â€Å"cruel and unusual punishments† are those inflicted for the sake of the punishment and pain, in particular. Thereupon, lethal injection does not presuppose disembowelment, torture, beheading, burning alive or some substantial risk going apart from humane procedures regarding capital punishment. To say more, three justices had a concurrent claim that following the case Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U. S. 153, capital punishment complies with the constitutional norms: â€Å"Because some risk of pain is inherent in even the most humane execution method, if only from the prospect of error in following the required procedure, the Constitution does not demand the avoidance of all risk of pain† (Supreme Court, 2008, p. 1). This is the standpoint supported by the majority of the Court. It makes a strong assumption that has nothing to do with the precedent of Wilkerson v. Utah, 99 U. S. 130 (Supreme Court, 2008 ). Nonetheless, petitioners overall claim of the substantial risk in case of improper following the administration of the lethal injection encountered another counter claim by the Court. In this respect the minimal risk is imposed while mixing the death â€Å"cocktail†, and it is a generally accepted fact which suggests â€Å"manufacturers’ thiopental package insert instructions† to be clear to follow even by a newbie (Supreme Court, 2008). The alternative proposed by the petitioners did not correspond to the humane character of the 8th Amendment. As a matter of fact barbiturate-only protocol used primarily by the veterinarians to put animals to sleep was not acceptable in this respect (Supreme Court, 2008). It would definitely go apart with the federal system of capital

Analyzing and Reporting Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing and Reporting Results - Essay Example The objective was to produce a forceful story which would bring in or introduce the latest product, THE 2014 CLA coupe. The objective was to not only get in the public talking but also to start getting the public to pay attention and get engaged (Daimler, 2013). The CLA will be having a class that would not be comparable with others. As the car is another version of the CLS, therefore this one would also appeal and attract to the target customer groups that have a unique approach or non-conformist approach. The advertising campaign therefore places the car as an extraordinary vehicle as mentioned by Mr. Anders-Sundt Jensen. Mr. Anders-Sundt Jensen is the Head of Brand Communications at Mercedes-Benz Cars (Daimler, 2013). This tool is used by the Mercedes Benz Company to evaluate the effectiveness of the advertising campaign in terms of how much target market respond to the advertisement campaign, and how they perceive the brand, do they perceive the brand according to the company’s perception. And the brand is presenting some uniqueness or not.   According to Ace Metrics, an self-governing analytics corporation which measures the effectiveness of advertising campaign, â€Å"Soul† scored the uppermost of any automotive commercial and joined for the 4th highest score on the whole for all advertisements on the Super Bowl,† stated the Mercedes-Benz press release. As mentioned, there are number of statistical analysis methods that can be used. However BevCo should use moving average as the statistical tools. In the beverage industry, the sales are seasonal and therefore exponential smoothing moving average should be used in order to reduce the impact of seasonal variation and other irregularities (Hyndman, Koehler, Ord, and Snyder, 2008). Daimler. (2013). Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class establishes new segment: Sleek as they come. Retrieved May 31, 2013 from

The topic for your paper will be Baze v Rees, a Supreme Court hearing Term

The topic for your will be Baze v Rees, a Supreme Court hearing on lethal injection. The question for your 3-4 page - Term Paper Example First and foremost, the main argument on the part of the Baze’s lawyers was that sodium thiopental, the first drug to be given, is likely to be injected improperly making the petitioners feel an ominous pain before the final death provoked by the second and the third drugs, pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride (Supreme Court, 2008). It is a precedent to appeal to the 8th Amendment. The idea is that this prescription to the paramount law document of the US judicial system gives ground to consider causing pain as an undemocratic step within the law system and capital punishment at large. Insofar, the 8th Amendment states as follows: â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted† (U.S. Constitution - Amendment 8, 2010, p. 1). Thus, the Constitution provides a particular background to justify the case of Baze v. Rees. Thus, an unconstitutional administration of lethal injection had become the main thesis by the petitioners – both convicted in double homicide – stating that there is the â€Å"risk that the protocol’s terms might not be properly followed, resulting in significant pain† (Mandery, 2011, p. 483). ... There were different arguments to make such a conclusion. First of all, â€Å"cruel and unusual punishments† are those inflicted for the sake of the punishment and pain, in particular. Thereupon, lethal injection does not presuppose disembowelment, torture, beheading, burning alive or some substantial risk going apart from humane procedures regarding capital punishment. To say more, three justices had a concurrent claim that following the case Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U. S. 153, capital punishment complies with the constitutional norms: â€Å"Because some risk of pain is inherent in even the most humane execution method, if only from the prospect of error in following the required procedure, the Constitution does not demand the avoidance of all risk of pain† (Supreme Court, 2008, p. 1). This is the standpoint supported by the majority of the Court. It makes a strong assumption that has nothing to do with the precedent of Wilkerson v. Utah, 99 U. S. 130 (Supreme Court, 2008 ). Nonetheless, petitioners overall claim of the substantial risk in case of improper following the administration of the lethal injection encountered another counter claim by the Court. In this respect the minimal risk is imposed while mixing the death â€Å"cocktail†, and it is a generally accepted fact which suggests â€Å"manufacturers’ thiopental package insert instructions† to be clear to follow even by a newbie (Supreme Court, 2008). The alternative proposed by the petitioners did not correspond to the humane character of the 8th Amendment. As a matter of fact barbiturate-only protocol used primarily by the veterinarians to put animals to sleep was not acceptable in this respect (Supreme Court, 2008). It would definitely go apart with the federal system of capital

Telecommunications and Networking Essay Example for Free

Telecommunications and Networking Essay Telecommunications and networking are complicated with very intricate design and structures built within them. Protocols are set in place to allow Ethernets, switches and gateways to achieve the abilities and capabilities of telecommunications and networking through data and voice transmissions of today and the future. Today’s society is set at such a high pace with such great demand for volumes of data and voice transmissions that telecommunications and networking need to stay the course to keep up with the demands of societal growth by way of new hardware, software and technological advances. a) What is a policy?  A policy is verbiage that consists of words and statements that gives internal and external structural requirements whereby employees, personnel and others can follow. Specifications within the said policy are set to form and guide internal and external functions. This policy paves the way for integrity within the business and/or corporation’s foundational structure. â€Å"Policy: A broad statement that specifies what should be accomplished†. (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). b) Distinguish between policy and implementation.  Implementations are a more specified set of instructions whereby policies are less specified but yet each has a set verbiage that applies to the structural integrity of the company’s bi-laws and laws. â€Å"Implementation Guidance: Instructions that is more specific than policies but less specific than implementation.† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). c) Why is it important to separate policies from implementation? The separation between policies and implementation is important so that a set of rules, bi-laws and/or laws that govern the business or company is set in a way that is most important to the least important of rules, bi-laws and laws within that business structure. Structural integrity based upon policies and the implementation of those policies is essential to the internal and external growth that applies to that corporate business structure. d) Why is oversight important?  Oversight is a tool that guides management that should be required to be used in â€Å"every† aspect within the business and/or corporation. Management has an obligation to implement the oversight protocols throughout the business structure whereby it sets the guidance protocols within those structures foundational rules of guidance and policy. â€Å"Oversight: A collection of methods to ensure that policies have been implemented properly†. (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). e) Compare the specificity of policies, implementation guidance, and implementation. Policies would be a set of more formal verbiage where implementation guidance would be the guidance within that set of policies and this would then be followed by the implementation of both the policies and the implementations guidance’s. All three of these categories are molded into one that would become the set policies of the business or corporate guidance structure. f) Distinguish between standards and guidelines. The standards and guidelines distinguish between one another in a way that they each set separate rules within themselves whereby each arrives at context and messages. The separation of standards and guidelines is such that standards â€Å"allows hardware and software to work together and guidelines is a directive that can be followed but is not necessarily followed unless implementation is required. â€Å"Guidelines: A directive that should be followed but need not be followed, depending on the context.† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). â€Å"Standards: A rule of operation that allows hardware or software processes to work together. Standards normally govern the exchange of messages between two entities.† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). g) Must guidelines be considered? The consideration of â€Å"guidelines† is dependent on the â€Å"need† and sometimes is not necessarily followed nor is it a necessary requirement. The required consideration of â€Å"guidelines† is such that management and/or the implementation of the â€Å"guideline† can become a necessary requirement. Remembering that the necessity meets the requirement within the aforementioned guidelines. Guidelines are considered where the need meets that requirement and this can be an essential or non-essential requirement of a specified guideline. h) List the three types of oversight listed in the text. Audit is one form of oversight followed by reading log files and the third oversight is vulnerability testing. Each of these is a part of a policy that is set into place and followed by internal and external personnel. Management sets the pace and implements the oversight whereby each individual mangers proceeds with oversight proto cols to meet oversight rules. I) what is vulnerability testing, and why is it done? Vulnerability testing is an internal mechanism that is performed to prevent the intrusion of internal and external sources. The vulnerability testing is a test that allows for the intrusive behavior to begin â€Å"within† the company’s own system that shows visible signs of degradation and exploitations within the system. â€Å"Vulnerability Testing: is attacking your own systems before attackers do, so that you can identify weaknesses and fix them before they are exploited by attackers† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). j) Why is it important for policy to drive both implementation and oversight? Policy is the final product that drives the internal mechanisms of the business and/or corporate structure from the hardware, to software, to personnel then up to management. Policy is for example â€Å"like gasoline is to the automobile without the gasoline the automobile will not run†. Implementation would be for example â€Å"like not having the oil that lubricates the engine within the automobile† and then oversight would be for example â€Å"like the brake fluid that allows the brakes of the automobile to function and stop the automobile†. Requiring each of these mechanisms to be included in the structure of the business and/or corporation is essential to building focal points that lead and pave the way to present and future growth from within that business and corporations foundational structure. Policy is a core driving force that is essential to day to day operations as well as to future implementations of guidelines. Conclusion Telecommunications and networking are the business and/or corporate structures essential tools that require policies, guidelines, oversight and implementation. The management within that business structure is and should be required to follow each and every policy and guideline whereby each manger gives instructions to employees and personnel to follow these sets of guidelines and polices. Implementation of all governed rules should be set at the management level to include hardware, software and security protocols. Society demands telecommunications and networking with data, voice and video capabilities and management is essential to meet these societal demands whereby management needs the policies and guidelines to implement and address all of these demands.

The rationale rights based approaches

The rationale rights based approaches This essay will discuss about the rationale, shortcomings and potentials of rights based approaches to development as a subject. The objective of this essay is to explore the above mentioned in detail as this is believed to help all those involved in development work and to add to the existing debates in this area. The other reason is to clarify this theorisation for actors in the field be it NGOs and government or international agencies dealing with development to really understand what rights based approaches entail. Rights based approaches to development has become so popular for the past decade, with development agencies and national governments understanding it and implementing it in a diverse of ways. As Hickey put it â€Å"Some development professionals remained committed to the approach, while others were frustrated at the lack of progress in realising its apparent potential. Some academics and activists expressed continuing scepticism and argued that the rights based approach was one more example of northern hegemony†.(Hickey etal,2009:9) It is against this backdrop that discussing about the shortcomings and potentials of rights based approaches is appropriate. The discussion is hoped that it will help governments and NGOs to take into account the shortcomings and potentials in their development work. The essay focuses on the rights based approaches in generally, for there is need for self reflection so that actors can understand both the negative and positive side of rights based approaches for it to be a helpful tool on the ground rather than theory. This point was emphasised by Hickey saying â€Å".neither praise nor damn rights based approaches to development, and to instead work toward a more balanced understanding of both potentials and pitfalls of such approaches. We hope that this measure assessment will avoid the antagonisms with other new approaches to development for example social capital, participation, in which reasonable disagreements have become running battles, entrenching increasingly polarised positions, clouding attention to facts on the ground and preventing the productive synergies that should develop between opposing views.†(Hickey etal, 2009:209). To address the issues highlighted in the above paragraphs the essay will deal with the rationale of rights based approaches followed by a discussion on the current debates which will help to highlight the shortcomings and potentials. A comparative analysis with other approaches to development will be looked at and a discussion about the shortcomings and potentials which will be followed by a conclusion. Various definitions has been put forward to describe what a rights based approach is. As stated in the Human Rights Reference Book, â€Å"Human rights to development can be defined as a conceptual and analytical approach to development cooperation, which is based on the standards and principles of human rights and which aims to incorporate these standards and principles in all planning and implementation of development cooperation †(Sepulveda etal 2004:03) Others define a rights based approach in what it does to a situation. As stated in Ball, â€Å"A Rights based approach helps to uncover the root causes of under development, conflict and even natural disasters such as famine.†(Ball 2005:278).In relation to this essay, the definition as propagated by Sepulveda in the Human Rights Handbook will be used or referred to. For the proper understanding to the readers, there is need to define as well what development is and which definition is applied in this contexts as rights based approach focuses on the way in which development is being approached. The preamble to the Right to Development Declaration states that, â€Å"Development is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process, which aims at the constant improvement of the well being of the entire population and all individuals on the basis of their active, free and meaningful participation in development and in the fair distribution of benefits resulting there from.†[1] This definition will be the one referred to in this essay since it cover so many things and it is a consensus from all the nations which fall under the United Nations. Having stated the objective of the essay, given the definitions of development and rights based approach the essay will now discuss the rationale behind having rights based approach to development. In order to highlight the shortcomings and contributions the fundamental reasons for using a rights based approach to development will be discussed. It is my view that from the past development projects were not incorporating human rights in their agendas. Human development and human rights were seen as separate fields altogether. However it was realised that all the two frameworks are there to promote and secure the peoples dignity and also freedoms. As stated by Nyamu-Musembi, â€Å"A rights based approach adds an element of accountability and culpability, an ethical or moral dimension to development. It therefore, demands a shift from viewing poverty eradication as development goal to viewing it as a matter of social justice, as the realisation of a right and fulfilment of a duty.†(Nyamu-Musembi, 2005:42) However in relation to NGOs, adopting rights based approach is based on the fact that it is moral right, and widely accepted perception that it brings contributions to traditional approaches which will be discussed in the essay. It was also believed international-wide by authors and professionals that development should have a consideration for rights. It is the writers view that human rights and development are more effective together than either one on its own. And this reason of combining a rights based approach to development was confirmed by Theis as he stated that â€Å"Combining human rights, development and activism create a more effective approach than any of them on their own. A rights based approach has a greater chance of achieving results in the fight against injustice, inequality, poverty and exploitation†. (Theis, 2004:13). The realisation by actors in development was to the effect that not all was being done to realise the rights of people and there was need for some comprehensive approach to tackle issues as poverty and address the inequalities involved and this can be done through legal means. Petit said â€Å"Development practitioners have to begun to recognise the limits of their technical and micro-project approaches in tackling the root causes of poverty. They have recognised the need to address deeper structures of inequality and exclusion and to confront these at the legal and political as well as social, cultural and economic levels.†(Petit, p92) Also according to Gready the realisation of links has led to the issue of rights in development as he stated that â€Å"Recognition of the fundamental links between rights, denial, impoverishment, vulnerability and conflict has led to the incorporation of rights- based approaches into the funding strategies, policy formulations and practice of a diverse range of actors.†(Gready P etal.2005:1). The other reason for adopting a rights based approach to development was that it uses different lens for the analysis of problems which development seeks to address. The committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have summarised or explained the above statement as follows â€Å"The real potential of human rights lies in its ability to change the way people perceive themselves vis-a-vis the government and other actors. Rights framework provides a mechanism for reanalysing and renaming â€Å"problems like contaminated water or malnutrition as â€Å"violations† and, as such, something that need not and should not be tolerated..Rights make it clear that violations are neither inevitable nor natural, but arise from deliberate decisions and policies. By demanding explanation and accountability, human rights expose the hidden prioritise and structures behind violations and challenge the conditions that create poverty†[2] Having looked at the rationale for using rights based approach it is important for this essay to discuss some of the debates which are existing in this field to clearly show the potentials and shortcomings of rights based approach. There has been a debate that human rights based approaches re-politicise development through NGOs work and it is still topical. This was about humanitarian principles applied by international agencies namely impartiality, independence and neutrality which are considered to be political values. Most writers have agreed that development can be re-politicised by human rights based approach especially in relation to to the identification of needs. As Nyamu -Musembi and Cornwall expressed that â€Å"Whereas a needs based approach focuses on securing additional resources for delivery of services to marginalised groups, a rights based approach calls for existing resources to be shared more equally.assisting the marginalised people to assert their rights to those resources, thus making the process explicitly political†(Nyamu-Musembi etal 2004:2). This debate is now looked at to see if it can highlight some shortcomings or potentials of using a right based approach. In this case I will try and analyse whether being political in the sense portrayed is bad for development. It is my personal view that it is necessary part for rights based approach to be political as this can bring public awareness and include naming, shaming for the governments and development actors for the rights violations. It is my contention that using other methods was leaving behind the issue of power relations that exist in society and this causes them not to look at the root causes of the problems. Others argue that human rights based approaches are a new form of imperialism used to provide an increasingly intrusive attack on sovereignty, democracy and political debate. Some argue that this issue of cultural imperialism stems from the origins or foundation of human rights which is mainly western in nature. But others also defended the position by arguing that the universal aspect of rights is necessary for it adds legitimacy and that human rights based approaches involves both sides of universality and cultural relativism. Looking at this debate I find it to portray a potential of rights based approach to development. Those who support human rights based approaches are happy and felt that putting development within the confines of the law is good for it creates a point of accountability, that is obligations and rights or duties mainly on states and all the actors involved in development programmes. As pointed by Gready that â€Å"The value -added of rights based approach can be sought through direct applications of the law, but more particularly through indirect and strategic uses of the law.†(Gready 2008:78) However there are some who are so sceptical about using the law where there are inequalities and existing power relations which are different. The existing debates are showing potentials and rationale of human rights based approaches as perceived in the development circles. To real engage in the debate as to whether rights based approach have any potential or has some shortcomings, a comparative analysis will be done with other traditional approaches which were used and in this case sustainable livelihoods and needs based approaches or charity. In relation to sustainable livelihoods it can be said that they can complement each other but it deals with the impact of entitlements whilst rights based deals more with what entitlements the marginalised people should have and focus more on the long run effect. This can highlight the potential made by rights based as compared to sustainable livelihoods approach. Another approach to be discussed is needs based, in which case it is mainly based on needs and even selective as to which needs are more important and will be addressed. Looking at a rights based approach it can be compared to a needs based and be found to be better for it addresses the root causes of the problem since rights are indivisible it deals with the situation as it is. A needs based approach no one has obligation and duty unlike in a rights based approach, it entails binding and moral obligations on the actors like government. The other fact about needs based approaches is that like sustainable livelihoods, it focuses on the short term just to address the needs but a right based looks at the long term. I strongly believe that rights based approaches to development has improved the situations and contributed a lot to development as a subject. In a rights based approach the subjects are empowered to claim for their own rights. A table inspired by Save the children will be dra wn to show this comparison, summarising the differences between rights based and needs based. It is not disputed that these are good contributions made by rights based approaches to development Inspired by Save the children and created by the author The comparative analysis has been done by various authors among them Jonsson from UNICEF stated when comparing needs based and rights based approaches to nutrition, â€Å"..the essence of the differences is that in the former beneficiaries have no active claims to ensure that their needs will be met, and there is no binding obligation or duty for anybody to meet these needs. In contrast, a rights based approach recognises beneficiaries as active subjects or claim -holders and establishes duties or obligations for those against whom a claim can be held.†(Jonsson 1999:49) From the above comparative analysis with other approaches or perspectives to development it can be safely concluded that human rights based approaches contributed significantly to development as a subject and has the potential of driving development works in a better direction for the betterment of the marginalised groups. After having dealt with a needs based approach to show the contributions made by rights based approach another comparative analysis is done with a charity based approach. This approach has been criticised because it give the impression that a problem has been solved, but it does not deal with the root causes as well and it does not give the beneficiaries the opportunity to make decisions. Rights based approach is rapidly trying and replacing this charity based to overcome the shortcomings. The table below also shows the different between charity and rights based approach to development Inspired by (Lisndstorm -Sarelim and Mustaniemi-Laakso.2007) and created by the author From the above table 2 it can be said the rights based approaches have contributed significantly to development as a subject. Despite the theoretical strength of this approach, it is also not free from shortcomings. The following section will explore the shortcomings of the approach without a specific context and juxtapose it with the potentials which will be grouped into four categories namely political, conceptual, organisational and strategic challenges and ideological as well as implementation. All this is done to address the issues as to whether rights based approaches have really contributed or is it is just a failure. Conceptual It can be said that rights based approaches sometimes suffer a number of conceptual difficulties, especially in the economic social and cultural spheres. As can be supported by John Farrington, â€Å"The difficulty of systematically incorporating a time frame in the consideration of right, so that for instance they do not illuminate environmental issues such as the appropriate rate of depletion of non-renewable resources. The difficulty of conceptualising an appropriate balance between rights and responsibilities and also the difficulty of defining when cultural specifications override wider good should require suspension of normal rights. The difficulties in resolving tensions among different levels at which rights are conceived†, (Farrington,2001:3) There is a progressive potential though, rights based approach did position development as being for everyone and not really focusing on the so called poorest people in society. It also gives some political issues into development in the issues be it problems and solutions. Organisational and strategic challenges Rights based approach can be said that it gives an organisation a hard time in that rights are indivisible, so they cannot prioritise since all rights are equally important and this is really difficult when the organisation has only limited resources to address the issues at stake. Another issues that in the process the staff is engaged in the politics at a greater stage than with other approaches. This can be against foreign policy and the organisations may compromise the humanitarian principle of neutrality and this can be dangerous to the staff. On the other hand it can be said the approach is a potential in that this is a holistic approach and can help the development agencies to deal with the root causes of the problem which in some situations would be authorities. It gives a clear planning to organisations. Political A rights based approach can be said to have a shortcoming in that it put on the state, as a duty bearer all the burden. And another contentious issue is of taking matters to the courts, in these instances it will be on individual basis and this undermines or destroys the collective struggles. Rights based approach in some instances might be too confrontational a method or a strategy and this takes away or removes the other approaches of negotiation. Again it can be regarded a potential as it gives and impose obligations also creates duty bearers. It makes the beneficiaries or rights holders to participate in programmes and play a role in the decisions that affect their lives. Its again strengthens the principle of equality and citizenship. Ideological Rights based approach can be said to be supporting the neoliberal agenda or ideas by emphasising on individualism. And the approach does not sometimes take into account different contexts and some ideas may not be good for a certain group of environment, they just applied equal everywhere. On the other hand it can be said rights based approach put development so as to address inequalities and fight discrimination of marginalised groups and address power relations through development on how to distribute resources. Rights based approach needs adequate resources to be implemented and this sometimes offer a major problem for there can be financial constraints After exploration of the potentials, shortcomings and the rationale for rights based approaches in a bid to address the issues as a way of self criticism within the approach, it is noble to provide some suggestion so as to take forward the goal and securing more progressive forms of development. Though it has been discussed that rights based approaches re-politicise development, it can be said that it is necessary for development actors to tackle the underlying causes of poverty and marginalised. Also when rights based approaches is focused, there is need to be defined and conceptualised well since there is room for diverse interpretation. I t is also suggested that there is need for self reflection of the rights based to understand the potentials and shortcomings as this will help to move this tool of human rights based approach from being theory into practice, or from theoretical arguments to evidence based arguments. Conclusion Rights based approach is here to stay and be implemented in development projects, however as highlighted in the essay it has made tremendous contributions to development as a subject by bringing into board the issues of accountability, duty bearers, participation of the citizens and dealing with the root causes of the problem. It again tries to address the inequalities from the power relations that exits in society. Like any other approach it also suffers shortcomings from the way it can be implemented, different contexts, political and ideological differences that exist as some portray it as a form of cultural imperialism and some sort of western hegemony. This writer was aware of the existing talks with regard to the approach and have decided to do a rundown of the approach looking into the contributions that has been made and also the shortcomings as a way of helping the various actors involved in development to know more about the approach so as to appreciate it as it is and work ing towards improving on the shortcomings highlighted. It was also intended to add to the existing debates as to whether rights based approaches have failed or not. References Ball O.2005 â€Å"Conclusion†, in P Gready Reinventing development? Translating rights-based approaches from theory into practice (PP278-300) Farrington J.2001, Sustainable Livelihoods, Rights and the New Architecture of Aid, Number 69, June 2001, The Overseas Development Institute. London Gready, P 2008 â€Å"Rights based approaches to development: What is the value added? Development in practice- oxford p74 Hickey S. and D Milton (eds) 2009 Rights Based Approaches to Development, Exploring the Potential and Pitfalls. Kumarian Press Jonsson U.1999 Historical Summary on the SCN Working Group on Nutrition, Ethics, and Human Rights.SCN News 18 July, special issue on Adequate Food: A Human Right:49-51 Lundstrom-Sarelin, A and M Mustaniemi-Laasko 2007 Human Rights Based Approach to Development; what is it all about? HRBA in development cooperation: change from needs based to rights based† 27. 09.2007 Nyamu -Musembi C and A Cornwall2004 â€Å"What is the rights based approach â€Å"all about: Perspectives from International development agencies, Sussex, England. Institute of Development Studies. Nyamu -Musembi.C2005 â€Å"An Actor-oriented Approach to Rights in Development†, IDS Bulletin, Volume 36 Number 1, January 2005 pp42. Petit Jand J Wheeler, Developing Rights? Relating Discourse to Context and Practice. Institute of development Studies Sepulveda M,T Van Banning D.Gudmundsclotter,C. Chamoun and WJM.Van Genungten(eds) 2004 Human Rights Reference Handbook, University of Peace. Theis J 2004 Promoting Rights Based Approaches, Experiences and Ideas from Asia and the Pacific. Save the children Sweden. Keen Publishing. Declaration on the Right to development, adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in resolution 41/128 of 4 December 1986. CESCR (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) 1999 International Technical Assistance Measures (article 2).CESCR General Comment Number 2.Geneva.CESCR.

I Hate Narrative Essays -- Personal Narrative Essay Example

I stared at the blinking cursor, unbelieving at what I had just done. I was indeed done; done with a paper I agonized over for 6 hours. The paper was due in a scant 4 hours and I had all week to do it. The radio had stopped working because my brother got on the Internet and thus cut off my connection. That was the least of my problems working on this paper. I got it done, though. My life changed with one trip of a teacher to the chalkboard and one phrase, narrative essay. God, I hate narrative essays. My day was going well. I devoured a big breakfast, my brother, for once, got out of the shower quick, and no major assignment was pending. Life was very, very good. Then life began to fall into oblivion. I saw on the board in the front of Mrs. Smith's room the journal entry for the day. It was about what would I write about in a narrative essay. Hope faded away. Somewhere on the planet a nuclear bomb went. An earthquake struck in some unknown place on the Earth. A volcano erupted on Jupiter's moon Io and killed a bunch of Ionians. Somebody's red rose just wilted and the petals fell onto the ground. The end of the world was indeed upon us. My jaw dropped and warning bells went off in my head. I went completely and utterly blank. I tried as hard as I could to write my journal. Channel One came on and talked about a nuclear bomb going off in India that caused an earthquake that somehow caused a volcano to erupt on Io (that killed a bunch of aliens). My jaw dropped once again. It was now the floor. As I was finishing my journal, Mrs. Smith went to the front of the room and talked about, du du du, narrative papers. She gave us a cold, white study guide that gave me no hope for survival. She then gave us another evil sheet of pap... ... am to get a halfway decent grade. So, I started it up and felt confident that I was going to get it done. God, I hate narrative essays. You have to write about your own personal experiences and expect to get a three-page paper out of it. I have no events in my life that would fit a three-page paper. The events in my life are either to foggy in my mind, are too insignificant in my mind to fit a three-page paper, or are too big and broad to be able to fit in an essay and would need a 500-page book to explain. I do far better at other kinds of essays than narratives, such as the persuasive paper. I look forward to those kinds of essays more than I look forward at all to doing any more narrative essays. In, the mean time, however, I am going to try to get James to get off the Internet. Maybe then I may have a better narrative topic. I hate narrative essays anyway.

An Interpretation of Emily Dickinsons Poem I Felt a Funeral, in My Bra

An Interpretation of Emily Dickinson's Poem I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain To understand any poem by Emily Dickinson is a challenge. After reading this poem a few times, I decided that the only way to comment on it was to scan all the possible meanings of certain lines and words that Dickinson chose to use. This is my own interpretation of the poem, not to be confused with a definite idea of what Dickinson was trying to convey in her writing of "I Felt a Funeral, in my Brain" (280). I decided that the best way to comprehend Dickinson's message was to pay more attention to the feelings created and senses stimulated by reading and rereading the poem itself. I came to the conclusion that the author is in deep pain over the loss of a loved one or a very prominent part of her life in the past. Emily compares her feelings to those provoked while attending a funeral. She focuses most on the senses of touch and sound. She "felt a funeral", heard the beating of drums--rather odd sensations for someone to express unless they feel pain equal to that felt at the death of someone loved and needed. Therefore, it is obvious that Dickinson is writing this poem from experience, not observation. In the first stanza, the poet begins by stating "I Felt a Funeral, in my Brain, and Mourners to and fro/ kept treading- treading- till it seemed/ That Sense was breaking through." In these opening lines, Dickinson is describing the beginning stages of a funeral procession. You have the friends, quiet and subdued, "treading" across the heart of he one who loved the deceased most-Dickinson herself. I don't think that the word "Sense" is used here in the physical tense, but sense as in mental sense, as in realizations or w... ...behind or places to run for comfort. The last line, "And Finished knowing-then-"is one I interpreted two ways. It could mean that she herself has died, and no longer must deal with the pain. Or it could represent the death of her soul. She stopped knowing anything, because reality had settled in. The shock of if all (the numbness) has evaporated, and now the author decides to give up on fighting off the pain. I saw this poem as Dickinson's attempt at describing the process of mourning over a loved one. I had inclinations to believe that she is describing her own death, but then I had too many contradicting thoughts on that interpretation. Therefore, I believe that the poet has undergone a serious loss of some sort, and is either figuratively or literally describing the process of recovering from the pain that such a loss ignites inside the survivor.

Many Epic Heroes Struggle to Return Home

The following essay is a comparison analysis of the circumstances of the exile and return of the main characters from The Odyssey, Genesis 4 and Ramayana. The three men differ in motivation but are all led by a spiritual power. Odysseus is a complex main character. The king is not only a brave, intelligent warrior who is highly respected by the gods and mortals, but he has obvious negative qualities; making it difficult at times for the reader to sympathize with him. Odysseus’ complex character and poor judgment causes him to partake in dangerous adventures; prolonging his return. One example is when he sails to Ismarus and battles the Cicones. Once chased back to sea; Odysseus arrogantly announced his name to Polyphemus as he sailed away. This announcement creates another battle for his life; once Polyphemus identifies Odysseus as the man who took his sight to his father Poseidon and a plan for revenge on Odysseus is made. Odysseus did not however have to establish himself as a hero. He was considered a hero before leaving for Troy. It was not the desire to be a hero that drove him to his many adventures and battles; it was victory which motivated Odysseus. Cain, unlike Odysseus, is not perceived as a hero. He is responsible for his fate of exile when he takes the life of his brother and lies about the murder to God. Cain is not considered noble or heroic for his choices in life. In contrast, in Ramayana, Rama can be perceived as a noble man. Rama does not question his father’s order of banishment. Rama lives according to his Dharma, which is evident through his actions. An example of his noble actions is when his step-brother Bharata finds out about his mothers sinister acts which led to Rama’s banishment and Bharata becoming king. When Bharata approaches Rama in the woods, Rama refuses to go back to the kingdom and claim his rightful thrown, because it would be against his father’s orders. Odysseus while heroic would not be considered noble because of his deceitful and selfish ways. Self-righteousness, thievery and dishonesty caused Odysseus to continuously engage in dangerous adventures. Rama was not flawed in character and did not put himself or his companions in harms way due to selfish behavior; he was an honest and selfless man. The return of both Odysseus and Rama are similar; unlike their exile. Both men return to their kingdom to successfully carry out their rule. Their homecoming differs however; Odysseus returns with vengeance, asserting his authority; killing the suitors who had caused so much grief in his absence. Odysseus’ exile and return are influenced heavily by the gods. Once reunited with his father, the suitors’ families come for revenge. It is only with the influence of Athena that civil war does not break out. Rama’s return is a more joyous and celebrated return. He returns to become the rightful king and has a successful rule, where the people of his kingdom are very pleased. All three stories, Ramayana, The Odyssey and Genesis 4 involve divine intervention and spiritual influence. The lives of the three main characters, Odysseus, Rama and Cain are influenced by a higher power. The gods are heavily involved in the events taken place in The Odyssey; especially Athena. Rama lives his life before, during and after exile according to his Dharma and Cain is in a spiritual exile from God and prosperity. Selfishness and deceitfulness are similar characteristics in both Cain and Odysseus. Cain lies to God when asked of the whereabouts of his brother. Odysseus lies continuously throughout The Odyssey. Both men are responsible for their exile, with the exception of Odysseus’ original reason for leaving his kingdom; the war in Troy. Rama is not responsible for his exile however; it is his step-mother who demands his banishment. All three men struggle to return to their homes. Odysseus’ struggle is primarily physical; he has many battles to be won before returning home. His character does not, for the most part, grow emotionally. Rama, while following his Dharma, struggles emotionally with the disappearance of Sita and does have some physical battles with the rakshasas during his exile. Cain’s struggle is spiritual; after being exiled by God, he is forced to live destitute, with barren land and without God’s grace. In conclusion, Odysseus, Cain and Rama all differ in character; it is only Rama that continues to act righteously during exile while the other two men act in self-righteousness; causing their predicaments. They all however seek to be home; Odysseus and Rama seek their kingdoms and Cain seeks the good graces of God. References Mack, M., Knox, B., McGalliard, J.C., Pasinetti, P.M., Hugo, H.E., Spacks, P.M., Wellek, R., Douglas, K. and Lawall, S. (1992). World Masterpieces. The Norton Anthology. (6th ed., vol. 1). Norton & Co., New York. Ramayana Summary. (n.d.). Retrieved May 19, 2007 Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  

Influence of Music to Culture Essay

When I think of pop culture I think of music. There is so much music out in the world today. Many people are influenced by music they listen to. Mostly because they want to copy their favorite artist or because they feel that’s a way of expressing themselves and fitting in with the people that are into the same music. It’s also a way to find similar things to other people who listen to different music. Teens my age are mostly into hip-hop and R&B. Hip-hop I believe is the most popular type of music that is listened to by the public. Nelly for example is an R&B artist and he wears Air Force Nike’s, big jerseys, and Sean John fashion. When you look around in my school you tend to see many boys wearing the same thing. Another artist is also Fabulous who likes to wear fitted caps, and many boys are wearing the same kind of caps. Now people who tend to listen to pop music like N’Sync and Britney Spears tend to wear shell toe sneakers and dress sort of preppy with light colors. People who listen to alternative music like Papa Roach and Slipknot tend to wear big baggy pants and baby pins on their bags with very colorful hair. Another way people let music influence them is the language or slang they use. For example Nelly is an artist from St. Louis, and because of his accent, he says here it sounds like he is saying â€Å"herre†. The way guys call their friends â€Å"dog† and â€Å"nigga† are also uses of slang that hip-hop artists use. With pop music there’s more of an accent when they speak like a preppy, peachy, happy sound. Alternative music is usually harsh and people who listen to alternative music tend to have a hard tough accent with much more cursing than usual. Another way that people become influenced by their music is what seems to interest them. People who listen to hip-hop are mostly interested in the â€Å"ice† (jewelry) â€Å"gear† (clothing) and â€Å"ride† (car). People who tend to listen to pop music, who are mostly girls I would say, are interested in the mall, and bleaching their hair. It’s not usually very accurate, but I’m just talking out of my experience. So many people do know what I mean when I say that music influences the way people act and the way people carry themselves. I know that not all is true but most of the time people copy artists just to feel good and be able to fit in with other people, because the truth is nobody likes to be alone.

Projects, Processes and Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Projects, Processes and Systems - Essay Example Developing the right products at the right times is a serious concern among organizations which have important goals to achieve prior to obtaining competitive advantage and excellent performance in their industries. One example of an organization facing this kind of situation at all times is Apple Incorporated. Other high-tech firms that try to incur strategy of developing products at the right times may also include but not limited to Hewlett-Packard (HP), Dell, Compaq, Toshiba, Acer, IBM/Lenovo, Asus, and Sony. All these firms have R&D departments trying to ensure completeness of projects on a concurrent and timely manner. For instance, at Dell, it is the firm’s primary concern to deliver product offerings on-time to their customers in order to provide high value for customer satisfaction, and ensure high productivity, efficiency and achievement of organisational goals. Developing the right products at the right times In the age of technology and tough competition, those fir ms in the industry where companies like Apple identify themselves to be integral components continuously faced with choices to remarkably create important image, so as to acquire potential target market, which at the bottom line will support their product and service offerings. The R&D departments of these companies play a very elemental role in order to come up with products that could grasp the opportunity and eventually address the prevailing market needs with timeliness. In reality, R&D department has projects to accomplish on a timely manner in order to provide a strong support for the achievement of organizational goals. These projects are multiple in nature such as developing the right products, harmoniously and at the right times, which make R&D project management a complex and challenging corporate activity (Verma et al., 2011, p.462). Developing the right products at the right times is a very important objective in the case of companies like Apple, IBM, Dell and other comp eting firms having the same nature of business. This is an essential project at Apple’s R&D department prior to formulation of highly innovative products that could satisfy its strategy prior to obtaining competitive advantage in its industry. Toyota on the other hand has to tie up R&D with its marketing department in order for it to formulate new models of cars prior to the changing needs and demands in the market. In reality, the R&D department of Toyota has to develop products at the right times in order not to stay far behind the competition. The company has to ensure that there must be something new to offer in the market. Therefore, the principle in reality behind the development of new products at the right times as one of R&D projects could reflect on the actual impact of understanding customer needs, ease of manufacture for new products, monitoring of development cost, minimization of time to market, and ensuring that the actual development is due to actual customers ’ needs, so it is important to integrate R&D, production and marketing (Hill and Jones, 2009, p.138). Thus, R&D projects, like developing the right products at the right times could only be successfully implemented if R&D has to be integrated with other working departments of an active organisation. After all, product

Summarize chapter 22 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summarize chapter 22 - Essay Example The next approach for aviation safety is the Boeing Safety Management System (BSMS) which is simply a system of analysis of commercial jet airplane accidents. This forms a kind of retroactive approach to human error incidents involving aircrafts, and ultimately provides recommendations for improvements that can be made. The sub tools created by the Boeing analysis are Maintenance Error Decision Aid (MEDA) which analyzes why maintenance errors occur and how it can be avoided. Procedural Event Analysis Tool (PEAT) works to supplement MEDA insofar as it incorporates a system of effectively structuring the investigation process to determine the best corrective actions. Cabin Procedural Investigation Tool (CPIT) further supplements MEDA because it holds a focus on the system and not the individual. Finally there is REDA which stands for the Ramp Error Decision Aid which is a focus of study of flight line and ramp operations and procedures and how they can be improved in regard to their sa fety. The next major system is the Numerical Safety Ratings Systems which assign a numeric fixture to any particular safety item to analyze the overall safety of a process. The Safety Case Concept describes a sophisticated integrated risk management system which incorporates an operator making a case to the regulatory authority to prove risks are properly being controlled. System safety refers to the forward looking identification of possible hazards in order to control/manage the effective risks and in a way the represents the opposite of the Boeing Management System. The article that I have selected that is related to Chapter 25 was published in the New York Times by Smith in 2009. The article titled ‘Don’t Ground the Safety System. First highlights that on March 6th, Southwest Airlines was hit with a $10.2 million fine for not performing safety checks for fatigue cracks in their

The Impact of Globalization on the Global Economy and Global Business Assignment

The Impact of Globalization on the Global Economy and Global Business - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that the Westphalian model of nationhood allowed different groups to form nations and maintain some degree of autonomy. The autonomy led to the creation of sovereign governments that were recognized locally in the nation and also internationally under the Westphalian treaty. Under this model, people and businesses had to be done within the confines of a given nation or state. In order to do any business elsewhere, the business needed to take up a charter or a kind of permit in the foreign jurisdiction. This provided serious restrictions for doing business borders. The Age of Exploration was pioneered by European sailors mainly from the Iberian nations of Spain and Portugal who found ways of reaching other nations by sea. This led to colonization and several international grasp of lands in foreign territories. In this era, businesses were organized strictly according to national lines and it was only the governments of the respective European nations who co ntrolled affairs in the overseas territories they had acquired. This led to serious tensions that led to several wars in the past three hundred years. The largest and most destructive of these wars fought over the control of national interests was the Second World War which was fought on the basis of trade restrictions and control of foreign territories. After the Second World War, the United Nations was formed to seek peaceful means of resolving issues and the promotion of human rights and the improvement of lives for people in societies around the world. Towards Modern Globalization The United Nations and other related entities like the IMF and World Bank set the foundation for the integration of nations and the unification of purpose of different businesses from different parts of the world. This marked the move towards the globalization that we have today. Globalization for the most part refers to the worldwide exchange of resources between nations and communities without restri ctions. As the study outlines globalization best refers to the elimination of borders and the disappearance of national restrictions on trade and other economic activities. Globalization has encouraged the harmonization of standards across borders and this has led to the maintenance of common systems and structures that aim at providing the best results for nations and peoples in different parts of the world. Globalization has affected global business and global economy in several ways. In other words, globalization has changed the world from the previous Westphalian model where citizens and businesses from nations could not operate in other nations without strict restrictions and limitations. There have been several changes that globalization has created in the general sense as well as the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. General Trends of Globalization that Affects Businesses The fact that globalization, powered by the United Nations was inspired by the need to protect human rights and the dignity of people has led to a high degree of social consciousness.

Will US dollar lose its role as the global reserve currency before Essay

Will US dollar lose its role as the global reserve currency before 2050 - Essay Example There is a tendency among governments and individuals to diversify by storing the value of their wealth in other dominant currencies, other than the dollar or converting them into commodities. The BRICs development bank, weakening dollar trend, increased US budget deficit, emergence of alternative contender currencies, and shifting pricing away from the dollar elaborates on the serious threat the US dollar faces, in its position as the global reserve currency. The US Dollar has served as the dominant and world reserve currency for about seventy years today, since the adoption of the system back in the 1940s. Over the years, it gained acceptance and increased use in international transactions and by governments’ central banks for purposes of storing value, exchanges and invoicing transactions. It brought numerous advantages to the governments across the world, and especially the US citizens, whose purchases of goods or services have been at much cheaper rates compared to foreign nations. Some countries went on to peg their currencies to the dollar, but they have experienced the risks besides the benefits of the act. Though still a global reserve currency, the US dollar has been faced by numerous challenges towards the end of the 20th century and the past one decade. Inclusive to this are the exposed weakening US dollar, depreciated dollar and risk of volatility, emergence of challenging currencies to the dollar, changing monetary in stitution and dollar pricing, and diversification against the dollar. Though a debatable issue, the US Dollar is more likely to lose its role as the global reserve currency by 2050. It appears that countries are slowly changing their currencies in trading of products even at the international level. Where dollars have been used, other currencies are taking control. For example, most wise and even rich people have studied the behavior of the

Chapter 4 Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 4 Reaction Paper - Essay Example So many of the things around us are constructed by our own preconceptions, but it is harder to understand how we too are a product of things beyond our control. Our roles and identities are shaped by those around us, where we come from, and we are going. All of this made the chapter an excellent and sustaining read. This reading made me very introspective. It led me to reconsider my own life and my own multiple identities. I began to try to unwind some of the strands of my personality which had led me to see myself in a certain, stable way. I began to think about how much I had changed over the years and in what direction. I have always felt that I had a lot of control over my own life and that I was master of my own destiny. But now, having read this chapter, I realize how much of everyone's lives are in flux. It is a very useful point to consider how much differences can get in the way of us recognizing how truly different some people are. The point about the French girl's uniquene ss struck a chord with me. She was so different in the small community that people had a hard time getting to know her as an individual. We must be careful not to overlook such things.

Four Seasons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Four Seasons - Essay Example The objective of the organization which was to ‘personalize exceptional service’ attracts a very high number of clients and makes it very popular. Furthermore, Four Seasons also strives very hard to anticipate the needs of any customer and provide those needs even before the customer has requested for them. Four Seasons was also the pioneer of many unique services that has now become the norm when it comes to the hotels. For example, providing concierge services, repair of shoes, supplying shampoos, laundry and ironing services, multi cuisine menu and so on were pioneered by this hotel group, thus; giving it a very strong position in the hotel industry. An organization becomes an employer of choice not just by providing good salary and perks to its employees, but more importantly by providing tremendous amount of respect as well as a good working environment (Ablrichs, 2000). Four Seasons has succeeded in doing that. Four Seasons is considered to be an employer of choice because of its high focus on employee satisfaction. Along with benefits and remunerations, employees are highly respected. The employees treat each other the same way a guest is treated at the hotel. This creates a very healthy and robust environment that is necessary in the hospitality industry. ... In 2008, Four Seasons featured as no.88 in the Fortune List of best companies to work for. In 2011, they moved up to no. 53, giving testimony to the fact that it is indeed an employer of choice (money.cnn.com, 2011). 2. Explain its culture, is it unique to the company, how does this vary from its major competitors? In the hospitality industry, customer holds the key and is focused upon immensely (Butcher, Sparks & O’Callaghan, 2001). However, the unique culture of Four Seasons hotels is the high focus that it has on the employees. The culture of this chain of hotels is centered on a philosophy that everyone follows to the core. The golden rule is that everyone in the organization deals with others in the same way that they want to be dealt with. Primarily it comes down to how each employee of the organization is dealt with warmth, respect as well as courtesy. This level of respect and warmth directly translates into excellent customer service for the clients. The clients also receive personalized service that is done with a lot of warmth and care. This type of services forms the most attractive aspect of staying in a Four Seasons hotel. The culture of the company also gives immense freedom to each department and hence, the employees can put forth any ideas without hesitating. This created a very open and transparent culture, contributing to employee satisfaction. Furthermore, it was evident that employee satisfaction was also equally important as customer satisfaction. Most of the employees remain in the organization for a long period and grow in their roles. This also created employee loyalty and strengthened the culture of the organization. An important way of building

Gel electrophoresis Essay Example for Free

Gel electrophoresis Essay The explosion of molecular biology techniques that began in the mid-1970s (and continues today) has provided tools to examine the physical structure of DNA, its nucleotide sequence and how genes are read and regulated. One key tool is the ability to visualize DNA molecules and determine their length by using a technique called gel electrophoresis. Introduction to gel electrophoresis In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments move through a porous matrix made of agarose, a gelatin-like substance purified from seaweed. The agarose is melted like Jell-O and then poured into a plastic tray to harden into a slab called a gel. A plastic comb inserted at one end while the gel is hardening forms wells where DNA samples can be placed. The DNA is mixed with a loading buffer that contains glycerol—this makes it heavier than water, so it will sink to the bottom of the well. The gel is then covered with a buffer solution that can carry electric current, and electrodes are placed at each end of the gel and connected to a power supply. Because DNA is negatively charged (each nucleotide has a negatively charged phosphate attached to it), it will move toward the positive electrode. Larger molecules move through the agarose more slowly, while smaller ones  can slip through the pores faster. So, the fragments wind up arranged in order according to size, with the smaller ones having moved farther toward the positive pole. Figure 47 shows an example. Because the DNA is invisible, the loading buf fer also contains two dy e s : bromophenol blue (a small dye molecule that behaves like a DNA fragment about 600 bases long) and xylene cyanol (a larger dye that acts like a DNA fragment of about 4000 bases). These dyes form lines that give you an idea of how far your DNA has moved. Some loading buffers also have a third dye, behaving like a very small DNA molecule (50 bases or so). As the DNA migrates, the different fragments will form bands; each band is composed of many identical copies of a particular-size piece of DNA (you can’t do gel electrophoresis with one DNA molecule: you need millions or billions of identical molecules). The last step is to make the DNA bands visible, using a fluorescent molecule that inserts between the bases in the DNA helix. We use a commercial loading buffer called EZ-Vision which includes the fluorescent molecule, so the gel is already stained when it’s done running. Another method is to soak the gel in ethidium bromide after running it. Either way, the bands can be seen using ultraviolet light and photographed to make a permanent record. Sample preparation Of course, gel electrophoresis requires some kind of DNA sample—a plasmid, a PCR product, a segment of a chromosome, etc. If the molecule is circular, enzymes are used to cut the DNA (see the section on restriction digestion, page 87), because circular molecules can be either tightly or loosely coiled and don’t wind up at the same place on a gel as a linear molecule of the same size. Whatever your sample is, it must be mixed with loading buffer (containing glycerol and dyes, as described above) before electrophoresis. Add a volume of loading buffer equal to 1/5 the volume of your sample and mix it well before loa